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Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference gastritis diet åðîòèêà purchase biaxin 250 mg visa. Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Secondary Author (O) | Date (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O) Author for Individual Manuscripts (required) General Rules for Author Enter surname (family or last name) first for the author Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited gastritis diet ýëåêòðîííàÿ purchase biaxin 250 mg with amex. Box 2 Other surname rules Keep prefixes in surnames Lama Al Bassit becomes Al Bassit gastritis diet áàðáîñêèíû 250 mg biaxin purchase overnight delivery, Lama Jiddeke M. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, translator. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations of rank within a family 4. Moskva becomes Moscow Wien becomes Vienna Italia becomes Italy 640 Citing Medicine Espana becomes Spain Examples for Author Affiliation 10. In this circumstance: Construct a title from the first few words of the text Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful Place the constructed title in square brackets Examples: Reeves, James Edmund. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation Type of Medium for Individual Manuscripts (required) General Rules for Type of Medium Indicate the type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc. Manuscript in a microform Secondary Author for Individual Manuscripts (optional) General Rules for Secondary Author A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Box 21 Non-English names for secondary authors Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if possible. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors Date for Individual Manuscripts (required) General Rules for Date Begin with the year Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. Box 26 No date can be found If no date can be found, but a specific year can be estimated because of material contained in the manuscript itself or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets Mann, Lucile Quarry. Guia de parteiras por perguntas e respostas [Guide to questions and answers for midwives]. Manuscripts 649 Box 28 More than one physical volume For manuscripts in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the number of pages, such as 4 vol. Medical supplies and the supply service of the Medical Department, United States Army. Manuscript with no numbers on the pages of the book Physical Description for Individual Manuscripts (optional) General Rules for Physical Description Give the total number of containers holding the manuscript and/or the total number of linear feet of shelf space the manuscript occupies Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet. Typical words used include: color black & white positive negative 650 Citing Medicine 4 x 6 in. Manuscript in a microform Availability for Individual Manuscripts (optional) General Rules for Availability Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed with a comma and a space. Bibliotyeka, Rossiiskaia Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk [Library, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences] or Manuscripts 651 [Library, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences] Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. If you choose an angelicized form for a city name or choose a country code, use that same form or code throughout all references. Manuscript with information on availability 652 Citing Medicine Language for Individual Manuscripts (required) General Rules for Language Give the language of the manuscript if other than English Capitalize the language name Follow the language name with a period Examples for Language 12. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation Notes for Individual Manuscripts (optional) General Rules for Notes Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself Complete sentences are not required Be brief Specific Rules for Notes Information about any restrictions on use Other types of material to include in notes Box 32 Information about any restrictions on use A library or other archive may place a variety of restrictions on the use of manuscripts, or the donors of the manuscripts may restrict use. No part of this manuscript may be quoted without the written permission of the Director of the Schlesinger Library and Helen Brooke Taussig, M. Box 33 Other types of material to include in notes Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself. Examples include: If the manuscript was translated, provide the name of the original document Heister, Lorenz. Apparently written by a military doctor providing a concise history of the origins and progress of an epidemic of measles and scarlet fever that swept through the city of Queretaro, Mexico, during the summer and early fall of 1825. Manuscript with supplemental note included Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts 1. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations of rank within a family Heister, Lorenz.

Totipotent stem cells: Stem cells with the potential to develop into any kind of cell gastritis special diet buy biaxin overnight. Transaction (in this report): An umbrella concept used to cover all kinds of dealings gastritis diet 5 small 500 mg biaxin purchase with amex, here for therapeutic or research purposes gastritis extreme pain buy biaxin without prescription, between persons and/or persons and agencies with respect to human bodily material. Transplant commercialism: Defined in the Declaration of Istanbul as a policy or practice in which an organ is treated as a commodity, including by being bought or sold or used for material gain. Transplant tourism: Colloquial term used to refer to how those waiting for an organ transplant travel abroad to countries where organs are more readily available. It is typically applied to travel for transplantation involving thriving illegal markets where organs are bought and sold. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Illich, Ivan, 1926 Medical nemesis. The Medicalization of Life Political Transmission of Iatrogemc Disease Social latrogenesis Medical Monopoly Value-Free Cure? Political Countermeasures Consumer Protection for Addicts Equal Access to Torts Public Controls over the Professional Mafia The Scientific Organization of Life Engineering for a Plastic Womb 8. The Recovery of Health Industrialized Nemesis From Inherited Myth to Respectful Procedure The Right to Health Health as a Virtue 1 The Epidemics of Modern Medicine During the past three generations the diseases afflicting Western societies have undergone dramatic changes. Polio, diphtheria, and tuberculosis are vanishing;1 one shot of an antibiotic often cures pneumonia or syphilis; and so many mass killers have come under control that two-thirds of all deaths are now associated with the diseases of old age. Those who die young are more often than not victims of accidents, violence, or suicide. Although almost everyone believes that at least one of his friends would not be alive and well except for the skill of a doctor, there is in fact no evidence of any direct relationship between this mutation of sickness and the so-called progress of medicine. After a century of pursuit of medical Utopia,6 and contrary to current conventional wisdom,7 medical services have not been important in producing the changes in life expectancy that have occurred. A vast amount of contemporary clinical care is incidental to the curing of disease, but the damage done by medicine to the health of individuals and populations is very significant. They are not modified any more decisively by the rituals performed in medical clinics than by those customary at religious shrines. The infections that prevailed at the outset of the industrial age illustrate how medicine came by its reputation. By the time their etiology was understood and their therapy had become specific, these diseases had lost much of their virulence and hence their social importance. The combined death rate from scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, and measles among children up to fifteen shows that nearly 90 percent of the total decline in mortality between 1860 and 1965 had occurred before the introduction of antibiotics and widespread immunization. These in turn peaked and vanished, to be replaced by the diseases of early childhood and, somewhat later, by an increase in duodenal ulcers in young men. Despite intensive research, we have no complete explanation for the genesis of these changes. For more than a century, analysis of disease trends has shown that the environment is the primary determinant of the state of general health of any population. As the older causes of disease recede, a new kind of malnutrition is becoming the most rapidly expanding modern epidemic. In contrast to environmental improvements and modern nonprofessional health measures, the specifically medical treatment of people is never significantly related to a decline in the compound disease burden or to a rise in life expectancy. The new techniques for recognizing and treating such conditions as pernicious anemia and hypertension, or for correcting congenital malformations by surgical intervention, redefine but do not reduce morbidity. Undoubtedly, during the last generation, a limited number of specific procedures have become extremely useful. But where they are not monopolized by professionals as tools of their trade, those which are applicable to widespread diseases are usually very inexpensive and require a minimum of personal skills, materials, and custodial services from hospitals. In the case of infectious diseases, chemotherapy has played a significant role in the control of pneumonia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.

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As interventions are aimed primarily at prevention gastritis diet ýõî cheap biaxin 500 mg line, monitoring the health of the community through surveillance of cases assumes great importance as does the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and healthy behaviour chronic gastritis can be cured generic biaxin 500 mg buy. In many cases gastritis diet recommendations biaxin 500 mg purchase otc, however, treating a disease can be vital to preventing it in other people, such as during an outbreak of a communicable disease. Another way of describing public health is collective action for sustained population-wide health improve- ment (4). This denition highlights the focus on actions and interventions that need collaborative actions, sustainability (i. Since the 1980s, the focus of public health interventions has broadened towards population-level issues such as inequity, poverty and education and has moved away from advocating for change in the behaviour of individuals. The health of people is affected by many elements ranging from genetics to socioeconomic factors such as where they live, their income, education and social relationships. These are the social determinants of health, and they pervade every society in the world. Predictably, poor people have more health problems and worse health than the better-off sections of populations (5). Today public health seeks to correct these inequalities by advocating policies and initiatives that aim to improve the health of populations in an equitable manner. The extension of life expectancy and the ageing of populations globally are predicted to increase the prevalence of many noncommunicable, chronic, progressive conditions including neurological disorders. The increasing capacity of modern medicine to prevent death has also increased the frequency and severity of impairment attributable to neurological disorders. This has raised the issue of restoring or creating a life of acceptable quality for people who suffer from the sequelae of neurological disorders. Public health plays an important role in both the developed and developing parts of the world through either the local health systems or the national and international nongovernmental organi- zations. Though all developed and most developing countries have their own government health agencies such as ministries or departments of health to respond to domestic health issues, a discrepancy exists between governments public health initiatives and access to health care in the developed and developing world. Many public health infrastructures are non-existent or are being formed in the developing world. Often, trained health workers lack the nancial resources to provide even basic medical care and prevent disease. As a result, much of the morbidity and mortality in the developing world results from and contributes to extreme poverty. Though most governments recognize the importance of public health programmes in reducing disease and disability, public health generally receives much less government funding compared with other areas of medicine. In recent years, large public health initiatives and vaccination pro- grammes have made great progress in eradicating or reducing the incidence of a number of communicable diseases such as smallpox and poliomyelitis. As the rate of communicable diseases in the developed world decreased throughout the 20th century, public health began to put more focus on chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease and mental and neurological disorders. Much ill-health is preventable through simple, non-medical methods: for example, improving the quality of roads and enforcing regulations about speed and protective measures such as helmet use help to reduce disability as a result of head injuries. The outcome of this large collaborative endeavour, which involved many health professionals from all parts the world, clearly indicated that there was a paucity of information about the prevalence and burden of neurological disorders and a lack of policies, programmes and resources for their treatment and management (6 8). The statistical information is partial and fragmented and in many countries even the most basic data (e. Further, the simple head count approach does not allow policy-makers to compare the relative cost effectiveness of different interventions, for example the treatment of conditions such as acute stroke versus the long-term care of patients with chronic disorders such as Parkinson s disease or multiple sclerosis. At a time when people s expectations of health services are growing and funds are constrained, such information is essential for the rational allocation of resources. The objectives of this unique international undertaking were as follows: to incorporate nonfatal conditions in the assessments of health status; to disentangle epidemiology from advocacy and produce objective, independent and demographically plausible assessments and projections of the burden of health conditions and diseases; and to measure disease and injury burden by develop- ing a novel method that can also be used to assess the cost effectiveness of interventions, in terms of the cost per unit of disease burden averted. It refers to any activity destined to help people to change their lifestyle and move towards a state of optimal health. Health promotion can be facilitated through a combination 10 Neurological disorders: public health challenges of efforts aimed at raising awareness, changing behaviours, and creating environments that sup- port good health practices, healthy public policies and community development (10). A list of required health promotion strategies across sectors and settings is contained in the Bangkok Health education Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World (11) Healthy public (see Box 1. In the case of traumatic brain injuries, development of policies in countries to prevent road trafc accidents and legislation to wear Interventions helmets are examples of health promotion strategies. Primary prevention is dened as preventing the disease or stopping individuals from becoming at high risk.

Patients who not Aetiology/pathophysiology respond to this treatment may require Ascites may be a transudate or an exudate dependent on r therapeutic paracentesis gastritis diet sample menu discount generic biaxin canada, the removal of uid over a the protein content (see Table 5 gastritis pronounce buy 500 mg biaxin visa. If more than1Lofuid is removed then intravenous albumin or plasma expander is re- Clinical features quired to prevent hypovolaemia gastritis etiology discount biaxin 250 mg buy line. It often rises in causes of obstructive (cholestatic) Liver function testing includes blood tests to look for ev- jaundice, but it is not specic for obstruction or idence of hepatocyte necrosis, as well as assessing the even for liver disease (see Table 5. For assessing the synthetic function surement is also raised as it shares a similar pathway of the liver, two other blood tests are needed, the pro- of excretion. Alternatively, it is possible to r Aminotransferases: Two are measured, aspartate differentiate the bone and liver isoenzymes. These are raised by most causes of this enzyme even when there is no liver damage. It liver disease, but paradoxically, in severe necrosis may be used to detect if patients continue to drink or in late cirrhosis levels may fall to normal in- alcohol,butitdoeshavealonghalf-life. It falls Haemolysis in both acute and chronic liver disease, although Bilirubin Haemolysis levels may be normal early in the disease. Other osteomalacia, metastases, causes of hypoalbuminaemia include gastroin- hyperparathyroidism) testinal losses or heavy proteinuria. IgM is Albumin Malnutrition Nephrotic syndrome particularly raised in primary biliary cirrhosis, Congestive cardiac failure whereas IgG is raised in autoimmune hepatitis. Parenteral gallbladder, or may be seen after endoscopic or surgical replacementofvitaminKshouldleadtoimprovementof instrumentation. It is partic- Pancreatic function tests ularly useful in patients who have r jaundice or abnormal liver function tests where it is Exocrine function r Serum amylase is a marker for pancreatic damage. Ultrasound may also be the more complex triglyceride is not, then the steator- used for liver biopsy, and doppler ultrasound is used to rhea is caused by pancreatic disease. Tests for endocrine function in this context taken in case of allergy or risk of contrast nephrotoxicity. Pancreatic polypeptide is raised in all of useful for assessing focal lesions of the liver, staging of these types of tumour and see page 222 for specic malignancy, and it is more sensitive for pancreatic le- tests. Pancreaticcalcicationmay times used as a non-invasive alternative to endoscopic be seen in chronic pancreatitis. Complications include haemorrhage, patients suspected of having biliary obstruction, stone bile leakage, bacteraemia and septicaemia. This is followed by checked and a sample sent to transfusion for group real-time radiography. Hepatitis B and C surface antigen sta- Further diagnostic and therapeutic manoeuvres: r tus should be known. Percutaneous aspiration of an abscess is approximately 1%, but this rises with any therapeutic occasionally performed. Haemorrhage and perforation occur less cedure the patient should rest on their right side for 2 commonly. Ascending cholangitis may be prevented by hours in bed and should gently mobilise after bed rest antibiotics, which are given prophylactically to all pa- for a further 4 hours. However, in many cases of Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is used to malignant tumours only complete removal of the liver image the biliary tree, particularly the upper part, which and liver transplantation is curative. Localised metas- is not well outlined by endoscopic retrograde cholan- tases may also be resected. For example in obstruc- The liver is composed of several segments, as dened tive jaundice with obstruction of the upper biliary tree by the blood supply and drainage, this is important in and when malignancy of the biliary tract is suspected liver resection. Prior to the procedure the clotting have a left and right branch and these supply the left and prole is checked and the patient is given prophylactic righthemi-livers respectively. The im- comprises of the remainder of the right lobe and is also age can be followed by real-time radiography and still further divided into four segments (see Fig. The T-tube allows drainage of Right lobe Left lobe bile and also allows a cholangiogram later. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy requires three or four cannulae inserted through the anterior abdominal wall, Caudate and for visualisation and access with operative instruments. Open cholecystecomy often requires quite a long stay Gallbladder Hepatic artery and in hospital, possibly a week or more, whereas laparo- portal vein scopic cholecystectomy may be conducted as a day case. Laparoscopic tech- This means that right hepatectomy, left hepatectomy nique reduces the incidence of respiratory problems and and extended right hepatectomy (right lobe plus cau- surgical site infection. The appropriate vessels for the segment(s) Disorders of the liver are ligated and divided before the segment(s) are dis- sectedawayfromtheremainderoftheliver.

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Ingvar, 55 years: Breathless- uid balance depends on the relative excess of sodium ness is an early symptom. A purulent discharge with early morning matting is not a feature of allergic disease and points toward infection. It cannot be transmitted between people, so close contact with someone who has podoconiosis is totally safe.

Mirzo, 33 years: This will importance to involve patients in this dialogue, especially facilitate access to resources and competences, both of in terms of defning endpoints, patient-relevant outcomes which are lacking among the diferent actors involved in and intended comparative value. The majority of respondents across the 12 countries surveyed correctly identify conditions such as bladder/urinary tract infections (72%) and skin/wound infections (72%) as treatable with antibiotics. Rat n 2 has been definitively demonstrated in the liver, lacrimal, and salivary glands ( 214).

Inog, 21 years: The first transplant of an organ formed in a laboratory was carried out in 2011, when surgeons successful transplanted a trachea that had been grown from the patients own stem cells and 360 seeded onto an artificial scaffold. Principle of prompt gamma imaging using the example of a projectile ion colliding with an 16O atom of the irradiated tissue. Latex allergen affinity for starch powders applied to natural rubber gloves and released as an aerosol: from dust to don.

Avogadro, 56 years: A low-molecular-weight heparinoid can be substituted for heparin in patients who previously developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia ( 185). Management Aetiology/pathophysiology Treatment with a combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, Infections are most common in the immunosuppressed pyrazinamideandethambutolifresistanceislikely. Chest X-ray showed bilateral shadowing consistent with pneumonia, but no other abnormality.

Arokkh, 38 years: However, when respondents were then asked whether or not they agreed with a series of statements on the scale of the problem of antibiotic resistance, the results reveal some misconceptions and misunderstandings. Mucus plugs obstruct large and small airways and can be a striking finding at postmortem (17). The treatment is usually prescribed for chemical and food hypersensitivity, not for allergic diseases.

Farmon, 65 years: There is complete dissociation of the atrial rate and the ventricular rate which is 33/min. Then, for a decade, Chilean women underwent intense political indoctrination by both right-wing Christian Democrats and a variety of left-wing parties. They worked in close proximity to machines that generated aerosolized salmon serum protein; IgE antibodies to salmon serum protein was demonstrated ( 151).

Finley, 44 years: A process should be established by which such information is validated for incorporation into a New Taxonomy to be used by physicians, patients, regulators, and payers. Between 1950 and 1971 public expenditure for health insurance increased tenfold, private insurance benefits increased eightfold,37 and direct out-of- pocket payments about three-fold. Where reference to two or more species of a single genus is intended, the abbreviation spp.

Nasib, 39 years: Commercial Alternaria extracts contain widely varying amounts of Alt a 1, underscoring the need for improved methods of standardization (111). Prevalence, however, appears to be much higher in children with moderate-severe, refractory atopic dermatitis. Bacterial species may exchange the genetic material through the processes of transformation, conjugation and transduction.

Uruk, 43 years: Box 42 No author can be found If no person or organization can be found as the author but a compiler is present, begin the reference with the name of the compiler. A Haller cell is an air cell that lies below the ethmoid bulla, within the superomedial maxillary antrum, along the inferior medial margin of the orbit ( Fig. The choice of antibiotic to be used depends on the fracture type and the likely contamination of the fracture site.

Navaras, 32 years: Challenges to collegiality are dis- Collegiality involves certain rights and is tempered by specifc cussed with respect to disruptive physician behaviours, confict obligations. Make administrative arrangements This part of the preparation should not be neglected, as it is one of the major factors affecting success of outbreak investigations. The diagnosis is made by microscopy of the discharge, which should show Gram- positive diplococci, and culture of an urethral swab.

Candela, 57 years: In general, gas exchange abnormalities provide the best indication for the need for treatment (see below). Among the epidemiological studies carried out in many rural areas of Burma, some health indicators, such as ascariasis and anaemia, had been measured twice after a lapse of 13 years or more before and after the launching of the People s Health Plan. Even with the varieties of oral lavage solutions available nowadays, the concept that mechanical bowel preparation reduces postoperative complication has been very much doubted and disapproved by various trials.

Anog, 41 years: Efficacy of adding nebulized ipratropium bromide to nebulized albuterol therapy in acute bronchiolitis. Children with trichuriasis had significantly lower concentration of hemoglobin than those with ascariasis even though their types of anemia were similar (7. The primary difference between citing a part of a print book and an Internet book is in expressing the location (pagination) of the part.

Roland, 24 years: Moskva becomes Moscow Wien becomes Vienna Italia becomes Italy Espana becomes Spain Box 39 No affiliation found If no affiliation for the recipient is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from elsewhere in the message or from knowledge of the recipient, put the place name in square brackets Message to: John G. Chairman and vice-chairman (1) One of the members of the council shall be designated by the Minister as chairman of the council and another member shall be designated by the Minister as vice-chairman to act as chairman during the absence of the chairman. They have large volumes of distribution, have slow clearance rates, and are metabolized primarily by hydroxylation in the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system.

Irhabar, 30 years: Determinants of Tobacco Consumption in Papua New Guinea: Challenges in Changing Behaviours. Both the extent of conditions classified as disease and the number and kinds of diseases listed change with history. It also coordinates employee wellness workshops for local businesses, as well as professional development opportunities for practicing art therapists.

Raid, 27 years: If published literature does not meet minimum 98 requirements, it can be combined with additional non-clinical tests as a mixed application. Protamine sulfate derived from salmon testes caused an anaphylactic reaction in a patient allergic to fish, with such a risk suggested to be higher in infertile men or in those who have had vasectomies (210). Secondary generalised Partial seizures (simple or complex) can progress to secondary generalised seizures.

Leon, 22 years: Lastly, more than half of the outdoor fungus burden (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes) have spores that have not been studied or are practically unobtainable. Clinical features Peripheral neuropathy: Asymmetrical disorder of pe- Patients complain of distal paraesthesiae and numbness ripheral nerves, usually distal more than proximal. Im- munocompromised patients are at particular risk for recurrent and disseminated infection.

Pyran, 49 years: There are many studies of the medical treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain (21). Test the abil- r Bradykinesia (slowness in movements) is noticeable ity of the patient to sit on the edge of the bed with their when doing alternate hand tapping movements, or arms crossed. It makes a valuable contribution to the vocabulary with which the common good is conceptualised in this context, and is particularly powerful in the way that it joins up with individual motivation.

Angir, 54 years: Here the sensory nerve Management cellbodies cause a swelling called the geniculate ganglion If the patient is unable to close their eye completely, ar- and give off the nerve to stapedius and chorda tympani ticial tears should be used and the eye taped shut at (taste and lacrimation) before exiting the skull through night to prevent corneal ulceration. Importantly, the scientifc leadership group leading this initiative should engage early on with technology transfer experts from academia, industry, and government to ensure that fndings are efectively disseminated across the research community. By chronicling our experi- ences as physicians, we learn the value of telling and retelling, of gaining understanding, and of respecting and learning from the many authentic stories we share.

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