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The wording must be ex­ act and a reference provided to indicate the source hypertension first line treatment discount olmesartan 20 mg online. Use quotes: ° to corroborate (for example statistical evidence) ° to give authority ° to illustrate ° to help explain ° to add new information ° to provide interest ° to make use of a unique expression arrhythmia nutrition olmesartan 10 mg buy on-line. Paraphrasing This is where an original text is rephrased by the writer in his or her own words prehypertension chart cheap olmesartan 40 mg mastercard. Paraphrasing is a common way of referring to material from other WRITING AS AN AID TO LEARNING 137 sources. However, in order to fully understand the original, the writer must be effective in interpreting the material. Remember you still need to acknowledge your source by providing a reference. Writing a summary Written summaries are a brief and concise review of the main points ex­ tracted from a longer composition. The conclusion at the end of a piece of writing often contains a summary. They are also used within the main body of the text before a topic shift. These periodic reviews of the content help consolidate the reader’s understanding and add emphasis to the writer’s message. When writing a summary: ° Make sure you select the key points or identify the essence of the message. Writing a conclusion The conclusion forms the final part of a piece of writing and helps bring it to a satisfactory closure. A conclusion might contain: ° a summary of the main points (for example in a descriptive answer to an essay question) ° the general application of what has been discussed (for example the implications of a research project for clinical practice) ° a resolution to an argument (for example the writer proposes an answer to the questions or discussion points set within a dissertation) ° a link to the broader context (for example at the end of a dissertation, the writer might highlight the relevance of the issues under discussion to social policy). When writing a conclusion: ° Avoid writing explanations, detailed analyses or new information in the conclusion. WRITING AS AN AID TO LEARNING 139 ° Your search for information needs to be systematic, using the terms that represent the most important concept or theme in your subject. This might be in the form of a written hand­ out or text and visuals that are presented using overhead projectors, slide projectors, whiteboards or flipcharts. Add interest to your presentation Keep your audience interested by presenting information in different for­ mats. Maintain your students’ attention The attention and concentration of your students will not remain at the same level throughout your teaching session. It continues to fall until it reaches the lowest point half an hour into your lecture or seminar. Varying your presentation style by showing an overhead or using a flipchart is a useful way of gaining students’ attention at these points (Gibbs 1992). Help students remember information We know that people remember only 10 per cent of what they read and 20 per cent of what they hear. They are likely to remember 30 per cent from 140 PREPARING MATERIALS FOR TEACHING 141 visual images, which is increased to 50 per cent when this is combined with listening. Increase understanding of your message Written teaching materials provide an additional means of giving explana­ tions, examples, background facts and figures. Provide structure both for the students and yourself Overheads and handouts are useful as an aide-mémoire for the presenter and form a framework to support the spoken message. Planning Before deciding on the teaching materials you would like to use, you need to have done some essential decision making. Know your objectives Be specific about what you want to have achieved by the end of your teach­ ing session. Determine the learning outcomes What are the learning outcomes for the students? Decide on the content What information is essential to make sure you fulfil your objectives and ensure the students’ learning outcomes are achieved? This is the stage at which you will start to think about the teaching materials you will use to help you deliver this message. They can: ° Reinforce – use them to present your message using different formats.

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• Cantu Sanchez Corona Fragoso syndrome
• Anomic aphasia
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• Dysphonia, chronic spasmodic
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Cytokinesis occurs as the cytoplasm and organelles are divided in half and the one process where the physical contact between neighboring cells parent cell is split into two new daughter cells arrhythmia in 4 year old order 20 mg olmesartan. When contact is inter- cell is now haploid (n) hypertension diagnosis jnc 7 purchase olmesartan 20 mg, meaning it has half the number of rupted arrhythmia cough olmesartan 10 mg buy amex, however, cell division is stimulated to close the gap chromosomes of the original parent cell (which is diploid-2n). Cell division is a major mechanism by which These chromosomes in the daughter cells still exist as sister organisms grow, tissues and organs maintain themselves, and chromatids, but there is only one chromosome from each orig- wound healing occurs. The cell The phases of meiosis II are similar to those of meiosis cycle is highly regulated by several enzymes, proteins, and I, but there are some important differences. The time between cytokines in each of its phases, in order to ensure that the the two nuclear divisions (interphase II) lacks replication of resulting daughter cells receive the appropriate amount of DNA (as in interphase I). As the two daughter cells produced genetic information originally present in the parental cell. In in meiosis I enter meiosis II, their chromosomes are in the the case of somatic cells, each of the two daughter cells must form of sister chromatids. No crossing over occurs in prophase contain an exact copy of the original genome present in the II because there are no homologues to synapse. Cell cycle controls also regulate when and to metaphase II, the spindle fibers from the opposite poles attach what extent the cells of a given tissue must proliferate, in order to the sister chromatids (instead of the homologues as before). Therefore, when one or more of the centromeres separate, the two single chromosomes are such controls are lost or inhibited, abnormal overgrowth will drawn to the opposite poles. The end result of meiosis II is that occur and may lead to impairment of function and disease. The distribution of chromatids during meio- Cell cycle (eukaryotic), genetic regulation of; Cell cycle sis is a matter of chance, which results in the concept of the (prokaryotic), genetic regulation of; Chromosomes, eukary- law of independent assortment in genetics. These enzymes interact with one another and molecular genetics 105 Cell cycle (eukaryotic), genetic regulation of WORLD OF MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY CELL CYCLE (EUKARYOTIC), GENETIC molecules that promote the cell cycle) as pro-mitotic signals. For example, thy- REGULATIONCell cycle (eukaryotic), genetic regulation of OF rotrophic hormone, one of the hormones produced by the pitu- itary gland, induces the proliferation of thyroid gland’s cells. Estrogens are hormones eukaryotes, cell division may take two different paths, in that do not occupy a membrane receptor, but instead, penetrate accordance with the cell type involved. Mitosis is a cellular the cell and the nucleus, binding directly to specific sites in the division resulting in two identical nuclei is performed by DNA, thus inducing the cell cycle. The process of meiosis results in four nuclei, Anti-mitotic signals may have several different origins, each containing half of the original number of chromosomes. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes undergo a final growth factor beta), which inhibits abnormal cell proliferation, process, known as cytoplasmatic division, which divides the proteins p53, p16, p21, APC, pRb, etc. The series of stages that a cell undergoes while pro- Oncogenes, until recently also known as proto-oncogenes, gressing to division is known as cell cycle. Cells undergoing synthesize proteins that enhance the stimuli started by growth division are also termed competent cells. When a cell is not factors, amplifying the mitotic signal to the nucleus, and/or progressing to mitosis, it remains in phase G0 (“G” zero). When each phase of the cell cycle is completed, the pro- interphase and mitosis. Interphase includes the phases (or teins involved in that phase are degraded, so that once the next stages) G1, S and G2 whereas mitosis is subdivided into phase starts, the cell is unable to go back to the previous one. Next to the end of phase G1, the cycle is paused by tumor sup- The cell cycle starts in G1, with the active synthesis of pressor gene products, to allow verification and repair of RNA and proteins, which are necessary for young cells to grow DNA damage. The time G1 lasts, varies greatly among eukary- genes stimulate other intra-cellular pathways that induce the otic cells of different species and from one tissue to another in cell into suicide or apoptosis (also known as programmed cell the same organism. To the end of phase G2, before the transition to mito- tion, such as mucosa and endometrial epithelia, have shorter sis, the cycle is paused again for a new verification and “deci- G1 periods than those tissues that do not require frequent ren- sion”: either mitosis or apoptosis. Along each pro-mitotic and anti-mitotic intra-cellular sig- The cell cycle is highly regulated by several enzymes, naling pathway, as well as along the apoptotic pathways, several proteins, and cytokines in each of its phases, in order to ensure gene products (proteins and enzymes) are involved in an that the resulting daughter cells receive the appropriate amount orderly sequence of activation and inactivation, forming com- of genetic information originally present in the parental cell. In plex webs of signal transmission and signal amplification to the the case of somatic cells, each of the two daughter cells must nucleus. The general goal of such cascades of signals is to contain an exact copy of the original genome present in the achieve the orderly progression of each phase of the cell cycle. Cell cycle controls also regulate when and to what Interphase is a phase of cell growth and metabolic activ- extent the cells of a given tissue must proliferate, in order to ity, without cell nuclear division, comprised of several stages or avoid abnormal cell proliferation that could lead to dysplasia or phases.

Preferably the expla- nation involves pictures: people literally see exactly what is wrong hypertension nih order olmesartan american express. Myrtle Johnson insisted on viewing the degeneration in her knee before agreeing to joint replacement blood pressure average olmesartan 10 mg buy cheap. During arthroscopy hypertension 7th purchase 20 mg olmesartan with visa, a fiberoptic scope enters the knee joint and transmits pictures on a screen in the operating room. After I saw it, I understood People Talking to Their Physicians / 131 it. So the surgeon put in a total knee replacement, but then all the pain came back again. So I had a second arthroscopy, and it showed that something was out of line where they put in the prosthesis. She seems very up- to-date on what is happening in MS research, the latest articles in medical journals. Freemont raised standard medical topics (although no med- ical therapies could actually improve her relatively severe MS), while ig- noring mobility (her most important daily concern). As another woman explained, “I just didn’t feel the doctor was going to help me. One woman with arthritis who uses a cane said that her primary care physician never seems to notice it: “He ain’t said nothing to me about my cane. He told me to get up on the examining table, and I looked at him and said, “I may need help. But I feel as though, at this point, a doctor isn’t really going to do anything for me that I want. Nelda Norton feels that Tom’s neurologist neglects key questions:“Tom goes to a neurologist maybe once a year, and the neurologist always says, ‘You’re just the same as you were. Mildred Stanberg, in her late eighties and afraid of falling, never broached walking with her physician. After she bought a cane at a local drug store and carried it to her next appointment, the physician noticed it—he adjusted the cane’s height and told her how best to use it. Johnny Baker, her primary care physician, circle the clinic with her as she pushed her walker. Richards remained in terrible pain, still using the walker two years later. For Cynthia Walker, listen- ing is only a first step; understanding must follow. Walker recently changed physicians, and she worries about her new rheumatologist. Unless you have a similar experience, a doctor that hasn’t, if you forgive the expression, “walked in our shoes,” can’t have the sensation of sympathy or understanding on that level. In order to instill the power of positive thinking to go on, you have to be lis- tened to first. We need a little praise; we need a little understanding—an ear, if you will. And sometimes a person in the medical profession is more interested with moving the cattle through. Lester Goodall believes that physicians feel they are failing people with chronic, incurable conditions, prompting some doctors to build barriers be- tween themselves and their patients. When I ask her how I can get better, she can’t tell me any more than the man on the street. They can give you the clinical diagnosis, but they can’t make you better. Goodall senses that physicians feel this way when “there’s no magic bullet. Few interviewees, however, expect their physicians to raise or sustain these hopes. Around the time of diagnosis, especially for diseases with widely varying clinical courses (some people do well, others do poorly), hopeful physicians can buoy spirits and help people confront the new uncertainty of their lives. Candy Stoops was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis in her late twenties, and she asked Dr. Candy knows her disease, and she no longer relies on her neu- rologist to predict her future.

Harris con- siders all these children as her own prehypertension meaning in urdu olmesartan 10 mg without a prescription, treating this responsibility as central to her life heart attack troublemaker cheap olmesartan 40 mg with visa. Harris arrhythmia 101 10 mg olmesartan order with mastercard, “but the girl loved me because I was the only one in her life that’d been a mother to her. Her family told her, ‘What you calling that Appendix 1 / 277 black woman Ma for? He has a high- school education and had done heavy lifting in ManuCo’s warehouse for years before being fired (chapter 7). His wife also doesn’t work, and they therefore have little income, often worrying about whether they can afford essentials, like COBRA health insurance payments. The Howards live in a two-family home: they are down- stairs, his mother-in-law upstairs. His mother-in-law spends much of her time lying on her sofa saying she cannot walk, asking her daughter, Mr. Well, sir, she’s got that old mental- ity, that if she don’t want to do it, she doesn’t do it! Howard has an infectious laugh and a strong religious faith that carries him through dark moments. When we met at the clinic, he seemed completely at ease, unrushed, willing to answer any and all questions. He is a tall man, big all around, lumbering with a slow, knock-kneed gait in high-topped athletic shoes as he leaned on his “assistant,” an aluminum cane. Howard wore heavy gold chains around his neck and several large rings on each hand; his hair, brushed out against its natural curl, hung several inches below his red baseball cap, and his round face was creased with smiles. He repeatedly mentioned that his belief in God gets him through, but he hasn’t always felt that way. Howard feels that all will be well “as long as God can bless me to get up and see another day. Howard’s primary care doctor recently told me he now has severe wrist pain, perhaps from carpal tunnel syndrome, undoubtedly making it harder for him to lean on his “assistant. Howard frequently visits his podiatrist to treat the foot ulcers that could progress to gangrene and even amputation. Myrtle Johnson Early seventies; white; married with many children and grandchildren; several years of college; diverse jobs (e. Doing about the same two years after the interview, although her husband’s health was poor. Sally Ann Jones Mid fifties; white; widowed with two grown sons and grandchildren; master’s degree in social work; retired social worker; middle income; MS for over three decades; uses scooter. Jones is exploring technologies to lift her onto the toilet independently, since finding personal as- sistance is so difficult. Masterson a few years ago to schedule a meeting, he said it would have to wait: he and his wife, Nancy, were taking a cruise to a warm place. He thought the time was fast approaching when he would need a venti- lator to help him breathe, and so he and Nancy tried to find opportunities to enjoy themselves. When Ron finally drove me to the Mastersons’ house, the snow from the previous weekend had melted away in the early spring sun- shine, and one had the exhilarating feeling that winter might actually end. They lived on a secluded hill west of Boston, with bare rock outcroppings bor- dering towering yet leafless trees. We entered the house through a lower level, steep narrow stairs leading up to the living quarters. Masterson, a white man in his late fifties with silvering hair and a closely trimmed beard, had certainly been tall and attractive, in control of sit- uations. When we met, he appeared ashen, thin and gaunt, seated in his wheelchair. Below baggy comfortable clothes, his body seemed emaciated from the progressive ALS. Nevertheless, he retained firm control of what he offered intellectually, his mind sharp and astute.

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Agenak, 50 years: Harris works hard as a divorced single mother raising children: she had seven children living with her, two of them her biological children, and her older children come round to help care for the younger ones. They also Infection and resistance; Infection control produce proteases, nucleases and lipases that depolymerize host proteins, nucleic acids and fats. Alternatively, intent may be Example of statements of intent expressed in terms of broad and specific curriculum outcomes.

Uruk, 27 years: He also devised an operation for soft- devotion to duty than his work at the New tissue release in severe club-foot deformity. Besides , restriction enzymes are used in techniques, linking the genome directly to a conventional genetic marker. Make a clear distinction between your original ideas and those of other re­ searchers.

Berek, 48 years: First, from the previous edition we have updated material on some of the more basic technologies and retained a focus in this chapter on materials and technologies rather than on approaches to teaching. Macquarrie Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK 4. The technology must therefore be applied appropriately and not used simply because it is available and new or because students and teachers have particular expectations of this means of course delivery.

Stan, 60 years: Not only do patients and their families have to cope with all Income Support will “top up” any of the above if income is below the the stresses of injury; they may have to live on a severely reduced assessed needs level. Yet little systematic evidence is available about the technical pros and cons of different mobility aids and their safety and biomechanics in routine use. Furthermore, Sharma (1993:16) charges that they fail to fully explain how “healing practices may shift their location from one sector to another” and that they do not account for “professionalization as a dynamic process in ‘alternative’ medicine in the West.

Akascha, 36 years: Setting your goals Your first step in planning your writing is to be very clear about your final objective. In one report the cabin crew of American Airlines successfully AED on a railway station 13 ABC of Resuscitation defibrillated all patients with VF, and 40% survived to leave hospital. Writing a dissertation provides the student with an opportunity to: ° study in depth one particular aspect of a subject ° learn the process of academic enquiry ° develop his or her thinking about a specific subject ° deal with a large amount of information ° be able to express ideas coherently ° sustain a discourse throughout a lengthy composition.

Rocko, 39 years: He was of Office, which the British Orthopaedic Associa- always willing to do more if it was related to his tion presented to the president of each English- beloved orthopedics. The detailed physics of the light–matter interaction will of course also depend on the structure of the irradiated molecule, but whatever its identity, certain general features of the excitation of atoms and molecules by ultrafast laser photons have emerged from pioneering studies by research groups through- out the world. Like its exterior, the interior offices had a clean, crisp, modern design.

Keldron, 49 years: These patients were treated by cutting off the flexor hallucis longus muscle. The challenge is to work out a clear and educationally defensible rationale for lecturing. He was president of the Clinical Orthope- dic Society in 1960, and he was elected to the American Orthopedic Association.

Cyrus, 53 years: On an industrial scale, a great variety of products are synthesised, using chemistry which varies from simple to complex. It also asks for what could be confidential information which a respondent might be reluctant to give. These three surgeons shared a century later was this supplemented by books on common interest in anatomy and both Smith and cellular pathology by Goodsir and Virchow.

Vigo, 25 years: From the inner surface of this into it, it contracted and forced up the matter. Reginald Watson-Jones created the British section of The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. As a surgeon he was conservative and a per- down to the smallest details of nursing.

Hurit, 28 years: There may be concurrent abnormal muscle tone, either hypotonia or rigidity. However, many industrial processes are based on the use of very strong acids, and there is great pressure to find replacements for the liquid acids cur- rently used in industrial processes. Migraine Prevention 227 combination of trigger factors often culminates in a migraine attack in susceptible individuals.

Knut, 56 years: In centuries past, medicine in 1962 with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins for farmers regularly exposed to dairy cattle could acquire the dis- the elucidation of the structure of DNA. The changes will come in the evo- lution of graft fixation with bioabsorbable materials. The emergence of Aids, ironically an infectious disease, but one for which neither vaccine nor treatment appeared likely to emerge in the near future, struck terror into the hearts of doctors throughout the West.

Yespas, 44 years: This advice followed surveys in New Zealand and Avon which reported fewer deaths from ‘sudden infant death syndrome’ after such guidelines were introduced. Molecules that speed up chemical reactions, but are unchanged afterwards, are known as catalysts. Modelling the kinds of learning objectives you have will be important for all students including those who come from cultures where the traditional authority of teachers and authors is strongly valued and not to be questioned, For example, plan to model critical or analytical thinking by publicly questioning a set text and explicitly demonstrating through your own thinking approaches the ways in which scholars in your discipline test the validity of claims made.

Jerek, 57 years: For quantitative data, the analysis can be left until the end of the data collection process, and if it is a large survey, statistical software is the easiest and most efficient method to use. Chorea is among the most challenging 138 Jordan and Singer neurologic disorders to treat. Unfortunately, on occasion, these nurses have been the victim of new PRHOs’arrogance and may be a little caus- tic to start with.

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